Healthcare Essays - Organ Transplantation, Medical Ethics

Healthcare In today's fast-paced world where technology rules, the medical profession is also advancing. In 1991, 2,900 liver transplants were performed in the United States while there were 30,000 canidates for the procedure in the United States alone (Heffron, T. G., 1993). Due to shortages of available organs for donation/transplantation, specifically livers, once again science has come to the rescue. Although the procedure is fairly new in the United States, the concept of living organ donation is fast growing. Living related liver transplantion was first proposed as a theoretical entity in 1969 but it was not until almost twenty years later that the procedure became a clinical reality (Heffron, T. G., 1993). Living related liver transplants have mainly been performed in the United States and Japan until recently. In 1991 Europe began trying to institute the procedure. The first transplant of this type took place in 1989 (Broelsch, C. E., Burdelski, M., Rogiers, X., Gundlach, M., Knoefel, W. T., Langwieler, T., Fischer, L., Latta, A., Hellwege, H., Schulte, F., Schmiegel, W., Sterneck, M., Greten, H., Kuechler, T., Krupski, G., Loeliger, D., Kuehnl, P., Pothmann, W., & Schulte Am Esch, J., 1994). This concept still has many areas that have not yet been explored in depth and there are sensitive issues involved that need to be addressed. Live organ donation came about as a means to solve the problem of the absence of a donor. Many people die every year while waiting for a donor organ and many others suffer because of complications linked to finding a suitable donor. Before live organ donation most available organs were harvested/transplanted from cadavers. This procedure has problems of its own. Complications include(a) suitable match, (b) legalities, (c) family not wanting to donate organs, and (d) time. With live organ donation a suitable match should be easier to obtain and time should be able to be controlled to some extent. With live organ donor transplantation, "...the organ-damaging hemodynamic instabiility associated with the death of the donor is avoided, and the coordinated scheduling of operations in the donor and recipient holds ex vivo organ ischemia to a minimum" (Singer, P. A., Siegler, M., Whitington, P. F., Lantos, J. D., Emond, J. C., Thistlethwaite, J. R., & Broelsch, C. E., 1989, p. 620). Prior to receiving a donor organ, recipients may be experiencing a variety of signs and symptoms related to their disease process. These can include(a) jaundice, (b) ascites, (c) GI bleed, (d) ECG changes, (e) malaise, (f) encephalopathy, (g) body image changes, and (h) fluid and electrolyte imbalances. Disease process is specific to the individual. Once the need for transplant has been established the search for a donor can begin. There are a multitude of steps involved in the procedure. Some of these include(a) evaluation to determine the need for transplant, (b) search for a suitable donor who is willing to donate, (c) evaluation of the donor, (d) obtaining the proper consent, and (e) mapping out the plan of care for both donor and recipient. Due to legalities and ethical conflicts, the acceptance of live organ donor transplantation is questionable. Those families and volunteer participants must meet several criteria in order to be considered for a live liver donor. Once someone decides that they want to be a donor they must first under go a medical and psychiatric evaluation. The medical portion of the evaluation includes(a) compatible blood type, (b) no history of liver disease, (c) normal results of liver function tests, (d) appropriate size of left liver lobe on CT scan, (e) no vascular anomalies on hepatic arteriography, and (f) low operative risk. The psychiatric portion of the evaluation must find that the donor is at low risk for psychological decompensation and involves obtaining informed consent. Donor's consent can be influenced by three areas, these include(a) internal pressure, (b) external pressure, and (c) urgency of medical situation. All institutions have their own individual protocols for obtaining consent but many do require a wait period between consent and procedure. This provides the donor with time to change their decision, and after all these areas have been addressed the donor and recipient are prepared for surgery. The procedure involves donation of the left lateral lobe, which is the safest anatomical resection (Jones, J., Payne, W. D., & Matas, A. J., 1993). The surgeries are performed simultaneously and may take several hours depending upon the experience of the transplant team and the possibility of complications. Common complications include(a) arterial thrombosis, (b) bile leaks, (c) infection, and (d) stricture at the biliary enteric anastomosis (Wise, B. V., 1994). During the post-operative stage

Pluto, Lord of the Ancient Underworld

Pluto, Lord of the Ancient Underworld Pluto is often considered King of the Underworld in Roman mythology. How did we get from Hades, Greek god of the underworld, to Pluto? Well, according to Cicero, Hades had a bunch of epithets (pretty common for an ancient god), which included Dis, or the rich, in Latin; in Greek, that translated to Plouton. So basically Pluto was a Latinization of one of Hadess Greek nicknames.  The name Pluto is more common in Roman mythology, so it is sometimes said that Pluto is the Roman version of the  Greek god Hades. Pluto was a god of riches, which is etymologically connected with his name. As Cicero notes, he got his money because all things fall back into the earth and also arise from the earth.  Since mining digs up wealth from under the earth, Pluto came to be associated with the Underworld. This made it possible to refer to a god Pluto ruling a land of the dead called Hades, named for its Greek overlord. Like many deities associated with death, Pluto received his moniker because it was one associated with the more positive aspects of his character. After all, if you had to pray to a god of the underworld, would you really want to invoke death over and over again? So, as Plato has Socrates recount in his  Cratylus, People in general appear to imagine that the term Hades  is connected with the invisible (aeides) and so they are led by their fears  to call the God Pluto instead. This nickname became increasingly popular in Greece thanks to the Eleusinian Mysteries, initiation rites into the cult of the goddess Demeter, mistress of the harvest. As the story goes, Hades/Pluto abducted Demeters daughter, Persephone (also called Kore, or maiden) and wound up keeping her as his wife in the underworld for most of the year. In the mysteries, Hades/Pluto becomes a personification of his mother-in-laws bounty, a benevolent deity and protector and a possessor of great wealth, rather than an evil uncle/abductor. His riches wound up including not only the stuff  under  the Earth but the stuff on top of it - i.e., Demeters bountiful crops. Edited  by Carly Silver.

Educational differences in public institutes and in private institute Literature review

Educational differences in public institutes and in private institute - Literature review Example Hein (2004) noted that at the inception of the education system all institutions were public institutions and there was only an option of private tuition for interested students, which was offered to them as remedial classes. However, due to sharp criticism mostly only the quality of public institution education there was emergence of private institutions, which evaded some State regulations but endured for quality education for its students (Heller, 2001). Particularly in the United Kingdom, private institutions were first established in the 19th century by the Roman Catholic parish as a counter attack to the alleged dominance of protestant religious ideas and politicians in the public institution system. It is due to this fact that most private institutions in the UK are Catholic owned (Wilson, 2013). Over the recent past, the numbers of private institutions both secondary and tertiary have sharply increased and this is attributed to the increased benefits that private institutions offer as compared to public institutions. This thesis statement for this literature review runs on the opinion that private institutions have higher education standards as compared to public institutions; secondly, the educational curriculum of private institutions is much wider compared to public institutions. Thirdly, private institutions are also well endowed with superior facilities unlike public institutions and lastly, private institutions have low student-teacher ratio as compared to public institutions (Lance, 2010). According to the figures from the United Kingdom’s Department of Education, they show that generally, private institutions perform better than public institutions, and this fact is substantiated by higher performance in national/common exams, whereby students from private institutions dominate the top spots. This asserts that private institutions offer higher education standards as compared to

Identification of Micro-Organisms Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Identification of Micro-Organisms - Term Paper Example As micro-organisms have a colorless natural state when viewed through a light microscope, the organisms must be stained in order to be visible. Staining imparts a color to the micro-organisms’ by the reaction of the dye with certain structures of the microorganism (Tortora, 2006, p69) A simple stain is alcohol or aqueous based solution of a singular basic dye and its main purpose is to highlight an entire micro-organism in order for its cellular shapes and basic structure to be observed under a microscope (Tortora, 2006, p69). In this experiment, methyl blue was used as the simple stain to view microbes obtained from cheek and tooth-scraping. The illustrations on page 3 under the heading ‘Scientific Drawing 2’ shows the images that were observed. Figures 1.5 at x400 magnification and 1.6 at x1000 are scientific drawings of the eukaryotic epithelium cells obtained from a human cheek. When viewed at x1000 magnification most of the internal structures of the cells got from the cheek could be seen under a light microscope. Figures 2.3 and 2.4 are scientific drawings of prokaryotic bacterial cells obtained from human teeth scrapings. The bacterial cells, which are approx 1Â µm in diameter, are much smaller in comparison to the human cheek cell and hence the internal structures could not be observed even at x1000 magnification. Unlike simple stains, differential stains react differently with each bacteria and therefore can be used to differentiate between each type of bacteria (Tortora, 2006, p69) The most commonly used differential stains are Gram stain and Acid fast stains and the staining procedures involve several steps. In this experiment, Gram stain was used to distinguish between gram positive and gram negative bacteria, taken from a vaginal and a urine specimen. Figures 3.1and 3.2 are scientific drawings of gram positive and gram negative bacteria respectively as viewed under a light microscope at x1000 magnification.

Contribution of Shakespeare to Modern Literature Essay

Contribution of Shakespeare to Modern Literature - Essay Example Shakespeare's main arena included one where he affected people through his intellectual, yet seemingly ordinary and therefore, easily accessible message. Shakespeare managed to imbibe a sense of physical action into the rather static state of affairs in the thearetical scene upon his arrival. Also, he was phenomenal as far as creating symbolic instead of purely realistic plots were concerned. In this context, writers of modern day literature have avidly followed his lead by experimenting with real life scenarios to twist and turn them to trasmit a meassge. The striking characteristic of Shakespeare's work lies in its ability to simply transport a person to unknown lands and their unusual elements. Even when writing of the violence Literature ridden times of England or the discriminatory attitude that prevailed among many at that time, he tells a story of dreams and hope. Invariably, writers today follow this basic format in modern literature where there is always a struggle with hope complementing it and finally - the hero takes the cake. Shakespeare actually introduced the world and thereby inducted the modern literary scene, into the traditional rough it out till the end mode of writing. (Harold, 2003) The best part about Shakespeare's plays is that the characters are studies in cultural and societal nuances. Try Shylock from The Merchant of Venice. This money lending Jew fit the typified framework which was associated with the cunning community at that time and Shylock with his dialogues and choice of words became a huge hit merely because he was just like them and yet different in the way he had been portrayed in lieu of the situations that surrounded him as a father. These kinds of characterisations have come to signify the blueprint for all... This paper stresses that it is difficult for most scholars of his work to decide whether his sonnets have more punch or his plays have more of his sense of unparalleled imagination. As far as his style of writing is concerned, his nuances and detailing have been a benchmark for many a writer. On a more personal note, William Shakespeare’s life reflects the story of a boy from a provincial town who made it to the top without any money or connections to support his talent or dreams. Besides influencing the theaterical scene in more ways than one, Shakespeare has been creadited with the creation of the most splendid plays the world has ever seen. He had the power to revolutionalise theatre and he actually achieved that aim with the creation of the most admired plays in Western Literature. This report makesa conclusion that most modern writers have been found to draw inspiration from Shakespeare’s work which promoted them to demonstrate deeper understanding of elements like art and music in one’s everyday. With Shakespeare’s entertaining yet informative and rather realistic style, most writers of modern literature have found to understand areas like art and music which they have imbibed in their work, to reflect the struggles and issues of the time and other general problem areas like cultural suppression, violence and political power.

The Massive Influence On The Indian Society Religion Essay

The Massive Influence On The Indian Society Religion Essay Caste as we have discussed before is a wide area to look into. It has massive influence on the Indian society in its own way. Though it was officially banned in India there still remains a part of it in the minds of Indian people. It has been much seen in rural areas than in urban areas as the people in urban area are more educated. As a part of this there have situations of lower caste being abused even now in certain regions. Practicing untouchability and caste differentiation is legally forbidden in India. Caste system leads to what is called a social exclusion. It means the inability of an individual to participate in the basic political, economic and social functioning of society (Thorat,S,Newman,K.(2007).pg4121). Entitlements to all theses powers become narrower as it moves farther down to the hierarchical levels of the caste system. Jobs usually regarded as degrading are usually done by the lower caste (dalits) and the best example being the manual scavenging. Manual scavengin g is the worst surviving symbol of caste untouchability in India which drives people into degrading jobs just because their birth in particular class. According to one of the leading newspapers in India, The Hindu, there has been an incident of a woman who was born into a family of manual scavenging who physically scraped the human excreta on the latrine floors and carried it away in a basket. While doing her work she slipped from a narrow wooden staircase and broke her foot to which none of her employers were willing to lift her even in this state just because they thought touching her was polluting. She was then picked up by a pincer of logs and her family took her to the local dispensary. Such sickening behaviour of the individuals is as result of the caste system or it can be even termed as evils of caste system. Government of India took steps to outlaw this practice but however these governments have a long tradition of insolently disobeying their own laws if they are pertainin g to uphold the rights of the poor. Finally an extraordinary campaign named the Safai Karmchari Andolan(SKA) used non-violent mass-resistance, community organisation and the courts to force governments to end this centuries old practice.(The Hindu, May 9.2010) In the western countries like United Kingdom, it is commonly found that people end up marrying the people they work with. But this has not been the case with the Indians. In modern corporate India when people enter into an organisation they do not have the intention of getting married with the people they work with. Moreover they share the relation that of a friend. But that does not mean that none of them end up getting married. I come from a state called Kerala which is situated in down south of India and there are people from lower caste who are educated and hold a white collar job. Some of them might end up marrying their colleague who may not be from the same caste or even from the same religion. This change of attitude in people of Kerala is more or less due to the education and knowledge given to them. To go a little deeper into the prevalence of caste in Kerala back in period, I like to bring to notice a saint and a social reformer named Sree Narayana Guru who battled against the discrimination of the lower caste by upper caste. The caste system was rampant in Kerala during the 19th and early part of 20th century. As mentioned before caste was based on the job each one did. A lower caste had to go through a number of rules such as one should not enter temples, not allowed to wear slippers, should not be seen within a certain distance of the upper caste. Anyone defying these rules are subject to hideous punishment s like cutting of hands etc. All this outrageous acts by the upper caste was put to an end by this great soul Sree Narayana guru who led a social revolution against this terrible system. However, this movement by this great soul infuriated only the extremely orthodox but was accommodated by the majority (M.S.Joe,March 18.2010). This revolution was perhaps one of the most nonviolent revolutions the world would have ever experienced. He built temples and wrote hymns which could be used by people in any religion. The government thus changed their legislation wherein the lower castes were allowed to enter temples run by upper caste. This temple entry proclamation was equally accepted by people throughout India including the the Christians and the Muslims(Govt of Kerala. Accessed on 7-7-2010) .Later on he opened the gates of education by building schools where everyone could attend the sessions and thus produced a high proportion of educated people. Though he masterminded this entire peaceful social revolution and achieved freedom for the unprivileged he is little known outside Kerala (Sree Narayana guru Mission of the UK, 1978.accessed on 1-7-2010). Caste does not pose a great problem in the present scenario. These have been situations were a high caste and a lower caste work together without any chaos. In an organisation, a lower caste can be a manager and a Brahmin can be in the lower cadre and this is entirely based on the talent and skill of the employee and caste system does not actually come in the way. This is the case of modern India thanks to the valuable education system. But when it comes to politics within the organization there may be biasness happening between different individuals of the same caste or religion. However this could been seen across the world and not just in India. A question might come up in the minds of Non-Indians regarding the functioning of caste system in India which accommodates people with different concepts and ideas of the same. I would like to throw some light on this issue by illustrating certain events that have been happening in India which shows that the two ideologies of caste being i mportant and unimportant co-exists in this same country. In spite of the proclamation of temple entry made by the Maharaja of Travancore in Kerala sixty years ago, there are still issues happening around relating to the caste system. To bolster this argument, an incident that happened in Kerala, where one of the famous playback singers named Yesudas who is a catholic was denied the entry into one of the famous temples in a district in Kerala. The reason him being a non-hindu and the irony behind this is that the temple authorities still plays the songs sung by him in the temple though they may restrict his entry into the temple. Another such incident was witnessed by the people of Kerala when the Union minister for Overseas Indian Affairs Vayalar Ravi was humiliated or rather saddened due to the fact that a ceremonial purification was done in the temple after he had his grandsons ceremonial first feeding. The reason being his wife who was a Christian is supposed to have polluted the temple by her visit (India today, June 18.2007). This purification was done by the high priests of the temple who are the Brahmins. There are issues happening in northern India as well. There was an issue which dates back to 1936 before India got its Independence from the colonial British rule. An untouchable in a village called Chawara in the Jaipur state was beaten up because of the fact that he gave a dinner to his fellow untouchables where he served Ghee which was considered as a luxury for the rich(Dr.Ambedkar.B.R,(1944).Accessed on 7-7-2010). Such disheartening practices are not to be seen now though a glimpse of it still remains in rural parts of India. It is distressing that such system does exist today to a certain extent due to a certain extremely orthodox section of the society. However this small segment is being alienated in the present scenario because of their conventional attitude. Going back to the caste system and marriages in India, as we discussed before, arranged marriages are accepted more than love marriages. To support the above judgment I would like to bring forth an example of how Indian families find spouses for their children. This is quoted from a matrimony site where a profile of a girl is registered in that particular site for the purpose of marriage. About Me Sangita is my second daughter and a Microbiologist by profession. She is a simple, well mannered girl, with a kind and compassionate nature.Homely and well versed with household responsibilities. She had the best of schooling and college education available here in Bangalore. She is employed in a leading Bio-Tech Company in Bangalore. She grew up under a joint family environment. Primary Information Age 27  Yrs Height 5  Ft  4   In / 163 Cms Weight 54 Kgs / 119 lbs Body Type Average Complexion Fair Blood Group B+ Mother Tongue Malayalam Physical Status Normal Socio-Religious Background Religion Hindu Caste Ezhava Sub Caste Ezhava Star Eating Habits Non Vegetarian Horoscope Match Must Smoking habits Non-smoker Drinking habits Non-drinker Zodiac Capricorn Educational Professional Information Education Category Masters Arts/ Science/ Commerce Education in Detail MSc.Microbiology Employed in Private Sector Occupation Scientist / Researcher Occupation in Detail Microbiologist Annual Income Rs.  1,50,000 Family Details Family Values Traditional Family Type Nuclear family Family Status Upper middle class Ancestral Origin Mayyanad/Kollam Fathers Occupation Retired PSU Manager Mothers Occupation Housewife No of Siblings 1 About My Family The family is settled in Bangalore for more than 50yrs.We have many relatives both here and in Kerala. My elder daughter is married and settled in Perth/Australia along with her husband and their newborn son. We are simple, God fearing and have liberal views. After my VRS from a leading PSU, I am self employed in a Small Business dealing in Watches, Solarlamps and Ayurvedic/herbal products. My wife is a teacher by profession but chose to be a housewife .Sangita is simple and homely girl,well mannered and trained to be a responsible wife. Soft-spoken, systematic and disciplined in her work. Partner Preference Specifications Age 28 33 Yrs Height 5 Ft 6 In 6 Ft Marital status Unmarried Physical Status Normal Mother Tongue Malayalam Educational and Professional Preference Bachelors Engineering/ Computers, Masters Engineering/ Computers, Masters Arts/ Science/ Commerce/ M Phil/ Others, Management BBA/ MBA/ Others Annual Income Any Occupation Any About My Partner A Qualified Professional, with clean habits, good health and a sense of responsibility. Honest and easy going by nature. Having a sense of humour. God fearing ,compassionate and considerate .Focused and hardworking to attain his goals in life. Assistance will be provided to relocate to Australia if interested. Socio-Religious Preference Religion Hindu Caste/Division Ezhava Star Not Specified Eating Habits Doesnt matter Smoking Habits Not Specified Drinking Habits Not Specified (Bharat Matrimony. Accessed on 7-7-2010) The above illustration clearly states that caste does a play its part when it comes to marriages. This phenomenon would be completely alien for a Westerner who does not pass through such stages to find their partner. On the personal front, I come from a Hindu family under the sub caste called Ezhava. Talking about inter- caste and inter-religious marriage, I do have a Christian and a Brahmin members in my fathers and mothers family respectively. This might create confusion in the mind of the reader whether Caste system was not being followed strictly even twenty to thirty year back. Conversely, I do not mind saying that I will not be allowed to marry someone outside my religion. Therefore it can be seen that it is the same family which allows inter caste marriage and also at the same time restricts it. At this juncture, I opine that the existence of caste system to an extent depends on an individuals perception he or she holds. It is not always right to say that Indians are adamant i n following this system. Moving on to the effect of caste system on the corporate world, I would say that it has hardly any effect on the working of MNCs or any other organisations in India. Talking to folks and friends back home, it can be understood that in organisations like Infosys, Wipro etc it hardly matters what caste you belong to as long as you have the talent and skill to perform the job. This changing attitude of the present generations is due to the valuable education being given. This lets them think out of the box and not emulate the traditional practice which was intolerable at that point of time. As a matter of fact, nowadays there is no restriction on the selection of jobs because one belongs to a particular caste. A middle class family or people belonging to the so called Sudra caste can afford to have doctors or engineers or even scientists evolving, provided he or she has the expertise and ability to do it. To bolster the above argument, I would like to quote a s triking example which happened in India few years back when a dalit man named K.R.Narayanan originally from Kerala was elected as the President of India from year 1997 2002(Britannica encyclopedia, Accessed 8 July 2010). He hails from an untouchable family where his father was a traditional healer and could not afford a good education. In spite of this he came up the ladder because of his hard work and talent and occupied the most competent post of becoming the President of a Nation. He was the first dalit member to occupy this post. (BBC news, 9 November 2005).Currently one of the states in India called Uttar Pradesh has a dalit women as the Chief Minister. From the above illustration it can be evidently seen that caste system does not come in the way of a person while choosing his profession in the modern corporate India. However this modern corporate Indian can be caste conscious in various other situations like marriages. The higher caste manager in an organisation may not have any issues in working with a low caste employee but on the other hand he would not allow his children to marry an outcast. Yet, as mentioned before, it differs from one individual to other. Hinduism has a noteworthy effect on the Indian society and spirituality is the base of a majority of Indians. The Holy book of Hindus Bhagavad Gita has the true definition of caste system that prevailed in the ancient India compared to which now the meaning of it have been distorted according to the needs of certain individuals or missionaries. To quote a verse from this Holy text and thereby find out the real meaning to the four fold caste system. Catur Varnyam maya srstam guna karma vibhagasah Tasya kartaramapi maam viddya kartaramavyayam(Bhagavad Gita,ch 4,13 sloka) The above lines says that the four- fold caste which are Brahmins, Kshatriyas,Vaishyas and Sudras have been created according to the ones own Guna(Quality) and Karma(work). They have been divided on the basis of three qualities or Gunas which are mainly Satva(Goodness), Rajas(Passion) and Tamas(Ignorance) and these are attributed to Brahmins, Kshtriyas and Vaishyas, Sudras respectively. These mental temperaments differ from person to person which makes them fall into a particular Varna or caste. However later on the power politics in the early middle ages in India, the communal feeling came up in certain individuals mind and therefore completely disregarded the meaning of the verse mentioned above. The Brahmin, who comfortably interpreted these lines according to his will and thus changed the whole idea of the caste system. The definition of varnas discussed so far not only helps in removing the present misunderstanding but also showers us with some data to recognize its true signifi cance that a person cannot be a Brahmana by mere birth but only with good deeds, intentions and thoughts that he carries along with him. It also says that he alone is a Brahmana whose thoughts are sattvik (goodness) as his actions are. A Kshatriya who is rajasik in his thoughts and deeds. A sudra who is Tamasic(ignorant) is not only one who lives a low life for satisfying his base animal passions and flesh appetites. Hindus also believe in the concept of re-incarnation which says that a persons current incarnation and experiences are at least in part, the fruit of past action (J.R. Milner Murray.1993). According to the Hindu belief, an individual is said to be born as a Brahmin if he had done good deeds in his past life and born as a lower caste if done something bad. The law of karma or merit is what is considered here. But at present there is no firm evidence that people actually live according to such concepts.

The Game of Life in Rabbit, Run Essay -- Updike Rabbit Run Essays Pape

The Game of Life in Rabbit, Run      Ã‚  Ã‚   Perhaps all our lives are simply a game, a game to which society sets the rules and to which we adapt.   In John Updike's novel, Rabbit, Run, the protagonist, Harry "Rabbit" Angstrom lives his life by the rules of the game of basketball.   Rabbit is a man who has, until the beginning of the book, played by society's rules.   But Rabbit's ambivalence is different from that of those around him; he has trouble communicating, and as a result he is often misunderstood and is constantly frustrated by the actions and expectations of others (Regehr).  Ã‚   In high school, Rabbit was a first rate basketball player and now, in his late twenties, is a middle-class man; working in a middle-class job, living in a middle-class apartment.   Though we may not choose to exist in this brown-gray environment, neither would our twenty-something protagonist, and that is precisely the point.   That we can be disgusted and frustrated along with him is what gives substantial balance to his sometimes unlikable decisions, and helps us react fairly to them (Tragic). This substandard is an immense disappointment to Rabbit's expectation that he, and his surroundings, would be of the highest classification throughout his post-high school life as they were in his days as a basketball star.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What defeats Rabbit in real life is the absence of a counter part for the basket in basketball.   Rabbit loves the games because they create and clearly define goals, the way to get points, becoming first rate, a success.   Contrastingly, the real world does not tell him what that something-that-wants-him-to-find-it is (Markle 46).   Rabbit does not have the ball, he does not have the key to the goal in his hands.   But thr... ... Secondary Sources Eiland, Howard & Thornburn, David. Twentieth Century Views: John Updike, A Collection of Critical Essays.   Copyright 1979 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Magill, Frank.   Survey of American Literature.   Vol. 6 Ste-Z 1885-2224.   Marshall Cavendish Co. New York.   Copyright 1991. Edited by Frank Magill. Markle, Joyce B.   Fighters and Lovers:   Theme In The Novels of John Updike.   Copyright 1973 by New York University. Regehr, John.   Rabbit, Run (John's Book Pages).   Copyright 1998 by John Regehr http://regent.org/books/reviews/rabbitrun.html.   04-02-00 Trachtenberg, Stanley.   New Essays on Rabbit, Run.  Ã‚   Tragic Unraveling of a High School Jock.   Reviewer: jzk.   4/13/00. http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN%3D0449911639/maraspgr.../002-4808496-///380.